Stating exactly what Luis Severino would be at the start of the season was a puzzle. He flashed such different versions of himself over the previous two years that there was no telling if he’d stick in the rotation or be relegated to the bullpen, whether because of his own lacking presence or a less deniable one among other in-house competition. But after six starts, he’s given us — and the Yankees — an emphatic answer.

Luis Severino is a starter. And maybe more.

We’re at the point where the basis for these numbers has largely become reliable for what we could expect moving forward. There are a couple key components. Austin Yamada explains how two-plane movement in Severino’s slider has been giving hitters fits. Matthew Mocarsky forecasted at the season’s start that Severino’s changeup could be critical to balancing his line drives and grounders, which is exactly what’s happened.

Pitches are rarely distributed dead equally. Acknowledging each one’s weighted value as if they were can provide a solid picture of just how much impact a certain pitch is having in a guy’s repertoire. And for Severino, his changeup has been crucial.

The caveat with weighted pitch values is how the amount thrown directly dictates how often a hitter has the chance to knock it around. Severino hasn’t thrown a ton of changeups and that certainly contributes to the offering’s weighted value. But the numbers suggest that when he has thrown it, he’s paced play with it.

We could wonder what would happen if he started throwing it just a little more and his fastball just a little less, but let’s zoom out. Let’s regard what Luis Severino is showing us in 2017 as his first well-planted foot in the majors. He’s already shown he can make adjustments, so let’s also consider he’s got one or two more in him that elevate his game.

What would that mean for the Yankees?

Severino could represent a home-grown anchor in their rotation, and that’s something they haven’t had in a long time. Chien-Ming Wang’s best work was a flash in the pan that wasn’t completely supported by his peripherals. Andy Pettitte was more impressive for his steadiness than his dominance. And before that? You’re going back to at least the 70s.

It would be interesting to see how the Yankees would approach Severino’s contract if he continues on his current course. They haven’t really been in a position to sign a young star to a sweetheart deal like, say, the Rays. They also have the financial wherewithal to not feel such pressure.

But the fact remains that he could be more important than any other player in their young core, and how they decide to go about keeping him in New York could have sizable implications for the franchise.

We can say it’s only six weeks into the 2017 season, but Luis Severino is a big reason the Yankees have one of the best pitching staffs in baseball. And he’s a big reason it could stay that good, too.

Zack Greinke is a really good pitcher. That’s why he signed a monstrous $200+M deal in Arizona before the 2016 season. Unfortunately for Zack Greinke and the Arizona Diamondbacks, he wasn’t really good during the 2016 season.

Something went wrong in the desert. Part of it could have been that Greinke was pressing, trying to live up to his big contract and the largest per-year salary in baseball history. Part of it could have been adjusting to a more hitter-friendly home park (he had a 4.81 ERA at home versus a 3.94 mark on the road in 2016 with FIP and xFIP showing similar spreads). Whatever his issues were, the Diamondbacks and their fans were hoping for more out of their expensive ace in 2017.

Through seven starts, the results have been encouraging. He has pitched to a 3.09 ERA (and a 3.15 FIP/3.05 xFIP) despite his GB% and HR/FB% remaining the same as 2016. One thing that has changed is that he’s allowing 30% fewer walks while striking out two more batters per nine innings. Another thing that has changed is that he’s throwing his slider more than ever before.

After his most recent start, a win at Colorado on May 5 where he threw seven innings and allowed two earned runs, Greinke was asked about his slider usage in the game. He replied:

“I threw a decent amount, I don’t know how much more than normal, against righties, but, it was working. Could have thrown more, might have had better results, it was just working really good. I throw it more to righties and they had a lot of righties in their lineup today.”

In fact, he threw a higher percentage of sliders than in any other start in his career, and the highest since 2011. According to Brooks Baseball, in 2017 he’s thrown a higher percentage of sliders than in any other year in his career (25.7%). In terms of raw pitch counts, he threw more sliders in April (144) than in all but two other months in his career. He is throwing more sliders than normal.

He was right about one thing, though: the pitch is working. Facing the Rockies at Coors, Greinke threw 38 sliders with a 26.3% whiff rate while only allowing one hit. So far in 2017, he’s getting a 26.1% whiff rate with his slider after only getting 21.5% in the last two years. He’s also getting the highest Swing% of his career, and had his second-highest month of raw whiff counts in April.

So what has changed about the pitch besides its usage?

He is not throwing it as hard as in recent years, while also seeing an increase in horizontal movement. Brooks Baseball has his slider velocity at its lowest and his horizontal movement at its highest since 2013.* Additionally, he is locating the pitch closer to the plate than he has in years, while maintaining the same height in the zone. He is also getting a higher percentage of called strikes this year than in 2015 or 2016, years in which his horizontal location moved away from the plate.

It is not a completely new pitch, but it has changed, and he is using it differently. Located closer to the plate, and moving more, the pitch is getting more swings and calls, leading to more strikeouts and fewer walks. There is little wonder that he has thrown it as much as he has.

*I omitted his Colorado results because as we know, Coors suppresses movement. If you look up his Brooks Baseball movement chart you will see a massive dip in horizontal movement for May 2017 as we only have the Coors start to draw data from.

Jacob deGrom has been one of the better and most consistent pitchers in the league across his short career, posting ERAs of 2.69, 2.54, and 3.04 in 2014-2016. He accumulated a 12.0 WAR in those seasons, 13th in the league and sandwiched between Dallas Keuchel and Stephen Strasburg. Good company.

He has been great, but he has not exactly been a strikeout maestro. He averaged 9.24 K/9 in 2014-2016, a good mark and solidly above the league average of 7.86 in that time, but also nothing to write home about. However, his K/9 has skyrocketed to 12.66 in 2017, ranking 3rd among qualified starting pitchers. What is behind the spike?

First, here is a table of deGrom’s pitch usage across his career:

In 2017, deGrom has thrown considerably fewer two-seam fastballs and made his curveball an afterthought, greatly increasing his slider usage. In 2016, deGrom’s most effective strikeout pitch was his slider, with a 27.5% K%. His two-seam fastball induced the fewest strikeouts by far, posting just a 13.1% K%. deGrom has also slightly increased his four-seam fastball percentage, which has been his second-most effective strikeout pitch.

The pattern here is obvious — deGrom is throwing more of his strikeout pitches and less of his others, explaining the strikeout spike. But the change is curious. As deGrom struggled through injury in 2016, his velocity fell. A change in approach to mitigate the velocity loss would make sense in that season, but that did not occur, and he struggled to some degree in 2016 because of it. deGrom’s velocity is back to old form this season, but now he has strayed from the approach that made him so effective in 2015.

deGrom’s infatuation with the slider began during 2016, but he did not throw it nearly as often as he has this season. It was by far his most effective pitch last season. It was sort of his savior that year — his slider allowed a minuscule .168 average while his other four pitches were hit to a .276 average. deGrom clearly decided that his slider was his best weapon, and chose to make it a more prevalent pitch in 2017.

However, whether by design or mistake, with the increase in sliders, deGrom has also altered the location of his slider this season. (Comparisons will be made with 2015 season because of deGrom’s 2016 health). Here is a heat map of deGrom’s 2015 slider location. Pounded low and away from the arm side, like a typical slider. But now, take a look at the heat map of deGrom’s 2017 slider. It’s all over the zone, but placed particularly often at his arm side.

In 2015, deGrom had three primary offerings. The four-seam, the two-seam, and the slider. This is a heat map of his four-seam/slider combo in 2015, and this is the heat map of the 2015 two-seam. He attacked almost entirely glove side with the four-seam and slider, up with the slider and down with the two-seam. To counter, he pounded the extreme inside of the zone with the two-seam for a balanced offering. But look at the heat map of his 2017 four-seam/slider combo, his two primary offerings this season. deGrom is attacking across the entire zone with his two main pitches, but does not have that same vertical variance that he did previously. Instead of using the slider as an edge/out-of-the-zone wipeout pitch, he is trying to establish it as an in-the-zone pitch, but it has not been nearly as effective.

deGrom is attempting to attack the arm side with the slider instead of the two-seam, while also trying to attack the glove side with the slider to create balance in his approach. While it’s reaping benefits in terms of missing bats, it is not keeping hitters on their toes. Look at this table of deGrom’s slider profile:

One can see the massive spike in strikeouts and whiffs, which looks great. But people are also offering on the slider less because of the lack of deGrom’s balance with the two-seam, and it is leading to a lot more walks than in 2015. We see the exact same thing with the four-seam fastball:

The strikeouts are nice and all, but they are coming at a hefty cost in other areas. deGrom is not commanding the strike zone like he did previously. He has not lost his pitch control, as his Zone% in 2015 and 2017 are nearly identical, but he has lost some of his authority over hitters and is not manipulating them.

But it is not just the walks that have been more of a problem. In 2015, deGrom’s Hard% of 26.3% ranked 19th among qualifying starters. In 2017, he is sitting at just 69th out of 94 qualifiers with a 35.6% Hard%. Also, deGrom has given up six home runs in his last five starts. He gave up 15 in 30 starts in 2015.

This could all be an overreaction, of course. We are only seven starts into 2017, and deGrom could just be getting acclimated to his new approach. And it is not like deGrom has been getting walloped — he is pitching all right. However, this could also be an overreaction on deGrom’s part. With decreased stuff and velocity due to injury in 2016, deGrom saw a dip in his strikeouts from 2015. He may have lost confidence in his previous approach after his minor struggles last year, and has overcompensated in 2017 by trying to miss bats all the time. The new approach has not been quite effective this season, as deGrom has sacrificed command and soft contact to create more whiffs.

Offense is at a seemingly unparalleled level in baseball this season: balls are jumping off of bats, folks are debating the juiced-ness of balls, swing paths have been all the rage, and pitchers have resorted to crashing motorbikes to avoid the mound.  There are 53 (!) players with 7 or more home runs at the roughly 1/5 mark of the season, despite a few sluggish sluggers dragging everyone else down (Mark Trumbo, Brian Dozier, Jose Bautista, and Edwin Encarnacion to name a few).  So, naturally, we’re here today to examine those hitters who missed the bus to wRC+ town and have instead flailed away to no avail.  Abandon hope, all ye who enter.

1. Dansby Swanson paces the undesirables with a .231 OBP, only .89 lower than the current MLB average of .320.
2. There are currently 25 players who have as many or more home runs than this group combined.
3. The group runs a combined .155/.216/.247 line, or put another way, roughly what one would expect out of Mike Trout if he became a full time left-handed hitter.
4. The 26.6 K% and 6.6 BB% might be respectable, were the group not worth -2.5 WAR in a combined 152 games.

Danny Espinosa

Espinosa has always been an enigma.  Two 3+ WAR seasons early in his career set the bar that he has yet to reach again, and this year is the most confounding of all.  He’s never been considered as necessarily a dangerous bat, but he has generally been able to post league-average offense with a little pop.  This season, nothing is doing at all.  Like the remainder of guys on this list, his BABIP is ludicrously low, well below his career .288 average.   However, a possible explanation of his lower BABIP is an increase in the number of fly balls he’s hitting.  Espinosa has seemingly jumped on the fly-ball bandwagon, with a FB% of 46%, well above his career average of 38.4%.  That, juxtaposed with his underwhelming average exit velocity of 85.86 mph (league average this year is 87.76 mph) isn’t enough to give him a significant power spike.

Dansby Swanson

Swanson arrived to the big show last year and performed well, getting on base at a .361 clip and being worth 0.8 WAR in essentially a quarter of a season.  Expectations were fairly conservative, with ZiPS and Steamer projecting him for 2.4 and 1.7 wins, respectively.  That Swanson, however, has not arrived this year.  It would be unfair to not mention the .195 BABIP he is running, but there is still cause for concern among Braves fans who were hoping for a franchise cornerstone.  Swanson has stopped hitting the ball as hard as he did in 2016, with his hard-hit percentage dropping from 34.7% to 26.6%, and he too is hitting more fly balls than last year.  His line-drive rate is down 5% from last season, and his overall contact profile is much more meh than projections expected.  On an optimistic note, Swanson is walking in 9.1% of his plate appearances, salvaging his performance to an extent and reflecting a good control of the strike zone.

Alcides Escobar

Escobar does not hit the ball hard.  His average exit velocity sits at a paltry 83.44 mph, but given his glove-first profile, that has generally been acceptable to keep him on the field.  But Escobar spits in the face of consistency, and he has has, intentionally or not, made a tragic mistake with regards to his ball-in-play profile this year: he has attempted to join the fly-ball revolution.  Until this season, 30.2% of his balls in play have been fly balls, with his highest being 34.2% in 2010.  But not this new Alcides, no sir.  Say hello to the Alcides Escobar who hits 41.8% fly balls, the man whose most comparable ball-in-play profiles this season have been Anthony Rizzo and Nomar Mazara.  Not to mention, he’s hitting more balls than ever to center field, and there is perhaps some doubt that Escobar has anything but warning-track power to center field.  Needless to say, it isn’t particularly working in Escobar’s favor.

Curtis Granderson

The Grandyman can’t.  In this context, ‘can’t’ refers to hit the ball out of the park.  Or out of the infield.  Or anywhere hard.  He’s been a mess.  His career hard-hit percentage of 33.3% has dropped to 29.4% this year, and he has also, regretfully, been drawn to the dark side of the fly ball.  A former career 44.1% fly-ball hitter, Mr. Granderson now hits 57.1% of his balls in the air, where no amount of slow-motion camerawork can push them over the fence.  A staggering 16.7% of his balls in play have been infield flies.  There’s not a lot to love about how Granderson is hitting the ball right now, and it unfortunately looks like Father Time is winning another battle.

Devon Travis

I like Devon Travis.  It may be because he’s a fellow short guy, or it could be because he’s just a fun player to watch.  Well, he was a fun player to watch.  This year most Blue Jays fans have probably looked away when he steps to the plate.  In 2015, his first taste of the bigs, he looked like a potential star, running a 135 wRC+ to 2.3 wins in only 62 games.  2016 was a bit of a reality check for him, but he still managed to rack up 2.5 wins in 101 games.  2017 is going…differently.  Travis, of all the players listed here, appears to be hurt by his low BABIP the most, given that his career BABIP entering the year was .354, which has effectively been cut in half this season.  In 28 games he has managed to be worth -0.7 wins, with little to no value having been produced at all. His contact profile and batted-ball results are comparable to his career averages, and he hits the ball just as hard as your average major-leaguer, with an average exit velocity of 87.36.  Add to that an 8.6% increase in line drives this season, and Travis should, of all the worst hitters, be fine.

There you have it.  These guys have all, at one point or another, been excellent major leaguers, but this year have been the absolute worst hitters of all qualified batters.  Baseball is a fickle sport, and it wouldn’t surprise me at all if these guys go on to make everything I’ve said seem dumb in retrospect and finish their seasons strong.  But for at least a little while, we can horrify ourselves with some scary numbers and dread the thought that our favorite team has an irredeemable scrub on the roster.

In the modern MLB, the record for the longest losing streak sits at 23 games, set by the 1961 Philadelphia Phillies, while the longest winning streak sits at 21 games, set by the 1935 Chicago Cubs.  In recent memory, the 2002 Oakland Athletics come to mind, with their Moneyball-spurred 20-gamer, taking them from 68-51 to 88-51 and first in their division.  Winning streaks captivate a fan base, and attract league-wide attention, but little is understood about their nature.  How much luck is involved?  Are certain teams or players more inclined to be streaky?  Are teams really more likely to win their next game if they’ve already won a few in a row?  In this piece, I’ll outline a simple model for what legitimate team-level streakiness might look like, and see if any interesting behaviour arises.  I was able to do this after reading the section on Markov Chains in Linear Algebra by Friedberg, Insel and Spence.

The Model

This model only requires two inputs: the probability of a team winning a game given that they won the previous game (hereafter P(W|W)), and the probability of a team losing a game given that they lost the previous game (hereafter P(L|L)).  Admittedly, this assumes ballplayers have very short memories, but.  The first thing we need to generate is what’s called a transition matrix:

The first row contains the probabilities that a team will win a game based on what happened in the previous game, and the second row contains the probabilities of losing.  Notice that the entries of each column sum to 1, so we can rewrite this as

Without going into too much detail, all we need to do is multiply matrix A with itself a lot, and find the limit as we do this infinitely many times.  This will give us another matrix which will contain two identical columns, each of which will correspond to the long-term probabilities of winning given a team’s P(W|W) and P(L|L) values.

For example, if our team has P(W|W) = 0.6 and P(L|L) = 0.5, we’ll have
,
and the limit of A^m as m goes to infinity is
.
So our long-term probability of winning will be around 0.56.  Over the course of a full season, then, this team would expect to win around 90 games.

Now we can examine various cases.  It may not be surprising to find that if we have P(W|W) + P(W|L)  = 1, we’ll have a long-term probability P(W) = P(L) = 0.5.  That is, no matter how streaky a team is, if their probabilities of winning after a win and after a loss sum to 1, their expected win total over a 162-game season is 81.  But what if we look at a given long-term probability P(W), and see what conditional probabilities P(W|W) and P(L|L) give us P(W)?  In the table below, pay special attention to the boxes with P(W) values of 0.5, 0.667 (our incredible team) and 0.333 (our really really bad team).

(Pardon the gaps in the table — my code had a bug that made it output zeros for those parameters, and I didn’t feel like the specific numbers were integral to this article so I didn’t calculate them manually.)

For P(W) = 0.5, we notice a straight line down the diagonal – which makes sense, given that we know P(W|W) + P(W|L) = 1 for these entries.  For P(W) = 0.667 and P(W) = 0.333, we have the following pairs of P(W|W) and P(L|L):

P(W) = 0.667 — (P(W|W), P(L|L)) = (0.5, 0) or (0.6, 0.2) or (0.7, 0.4) or (0.8, 0.6) or (0.9, 0.8)

P(W) = 0.333 — (P(W|W), P(L|L)) = (0, 0.5) or (0.2, 0.6) or (0.4, 0.7) or (0.6, 0.8) or (0.8, 0.9)

So our two-thirds winning team could just never lose two games in a row and play at a .500 clip in games following a win.  Or they could lose a full 80% of their games after a loss, but be just a little bit better at 90% in games after they win!  How could a team that never loses two games in a row be the same as a team that is so prone to prolonged losing streaks?  It’s because we selected this team for its high winning percentage, so even though P(W|W) and P(W|L) actually sum to less in this case (1.1 instead of 1.5), the fact that this team wins more games than it loses means it’ll have more opportunities to go on winning streaks than losing streaks.

Likewise, our losing team could never win two games in a row but play at .500 in games following a loss, or they could be the streaky team who wins 80% of games following a win but loses 90% of games following a loss.

These scenarios are illustrated below.  The cyan dots correspond to the following pairs of points (P(L|L), P(W)) from top left in a clockwise direction: (0,0.667), (0.8, 0.667), (0.9, 0.333), (0.5, 0.333).  These are exactly the scenarios discussed above.

These observations indicate a more general property, which will sound trivial once we put it in everyday baseball terms.  If your long-term P(W) is above 0.5, and you have to choose between two ways of improving your club – you can improve your performance after wins, or you can improve your performance after losses – you should choose to improve your performance after wins.  And if your long-term P(W) is below 0.5, you should choose to improve your performance after losses (up until you become an above-average team through your improvements, of course).  In other words, if you expect to win 90 games (and hence lose 72), you want to improve your performance in the 89 or 90 games following your wins rather than in the 71 or 72 games following losses.

Conclusions, Future Steps

I don’t have anything groundbreaking to say about this experiment.  It’s obviously an extremely simplified model of what real streakiness would look like – in the real world, the talent of your starting pitcher matters, your performance in more than just the immediately preceding game matters, as well as numerous other factors that I didn’t account for.  However, I feel comfortable making one tentative conclusion: that the importance of the ace of a playoff contender being a “streak stopper” (i.e. one who can stop losing streaks) may be overstated, simply because the marginal benefit from such a trait is smaller than the marginal benefit from being a “streak continuer.”  I have never heard of an ace referred to as a “streak continuer,” even though this model indicates that on a good team, this is more beneficial than being a “streak stopper”.

I don’t think it’s worth examining historical win-loss data to compare with this model, as this was not intended to be an accurate representation of what actually happens; rather more of a fun mathematical exploration of Markov chains applied to baseball.

Thank you for reading!  Questions, comments, and criticisms are welcome.

Allow me to start this post off with a couple of charts without any context about the player we are talking about.

Let’s talk about this player for a second. His name is not of consequence, yet. This player has fluctuated from being an above-average producer of runs and slightly-below-average producer of runs for close to 10 years now. This means he’s been around a long time, so his profile as a hitter is solidified; he has a reputation. Something funny has happened in 2016 and 2017 as evidenced by the LARGE upward line. That’s good! Can you guess who this player is? No? Come on, one guess. Okay, fine. It’s Mark Reynolds! Yes, that Mark Reynolds!

Mark Reynolds once hit 44 home runs. Do you remember that? When I said, he had a reputation, I meant to say that he’s well-known for the three true outcomes: walks, strikeouts, and home runs. Not much else. He’s a first baseman, which means his defensive value is minimal at best. So basically, his value is his offense. He’s signed for $1.5 million this year and is currently a top-10 first baseman in the MLB by fWAR. He’s top-8 by wRC+, and top-4 by wOBA. He’s already exceeded the value of his contract. The obvious caveat here: it’s May 9^th. The other obvious caveat is he plays for the Rockies now, which means he gets to play 81 games (give or take) at Coors Field.

I don’t know if he can sustain this. I too see the name Mark Reynolds and think, 30% K rate, with a decent amount of power. The thing is, he’s not striking out in 30% of his plate appearances. He’s not even striking out in 25% of his plate appearances. You want to know how often he’s striking out? After today’s day game with the Cubs, he’s striking out only 21.1% of the time. That’s, dare I say, below league average (League wide K% currently is 21.5%). I’m going to throw some more numbers together to try and articulate an idea: Mark Reynolds is up to something.

This doesn’t seem to be a one-year fluke. Reynolds is a slightly different player than he was two years ago. His K% has been on the decline since 2015, when it was 28%. Last year it was 25.4% and obviously now it’s 21.1%. So let’s go to his plate discipline to see what’s changed.

Looking at his O-Swing% and PITCHf/x O-Swing%, there isn’t a huge difference. They both hover in and around his rate of 26-27%, though PITCHf/x has him at 29.5%. The real difference is in his Z-Swing%, where he has decreased his percentage over the last two years. In 2015, it was around his career norm of 70% by Baseball Info Solutions and 67% by PITCHf/x. The last two years: 69.4% and 66.2% respectively by Baseball Info Solutions, 66.2% and 64.9% respectively by PITCHf/x. He seems to be pickier in the zone overall and there is a tangible result.

His Z-Contact% career average as calculated by PITCHf/x and Baseball Info Solutions is 74.3% and 74%, respectively. In 2015, he made contact with pitches in the zone 80% of the time by both systems. Last year? 81.9% by Baseball Info Solutions and 84.6% by PITCHf/x. This year? 85.4% and 84%. He’s making more contact overall for the last two years, as it’s been in the 70% range rather than the 60% range. His SwStr% has been decreasing too! It’s been below 13% the last two years, where his career average is 15.7%. This is a different Mark Reynolds.

Maybe Reynolds is trying to take more pitches in the zone so he can focus in on his best pitch. The power is there — his ISO is .339, with 12 home runs thus far. Probably not sustainable, but 30 home runs can be reached even with a return to the average.

About that park factor, though. He really hasn’t hit much differently at Coors versus away from Coors.

Joe Biagini burst onto the scene in 2016 as a Rule 5 pick by the Toronto Blue Jays. His mid-90s fastball, and devastating hook, took the league by storm, and his numbers in his first year were dominant. Besides all this, his personality and quirkiness really made the headlines, from awkward post-game interviews to missing high-fives from Jimmy Fallon at The Tonight Show.

Regardless of all the off-field attention Biagini has received, his play on the field has been spectacular. He kept the Blue Jays bullpen together, when they were in absolute peril early in the 2016 season, before they got Jason Grilli and Joaquin Benoit. Now, after putting up a 3.06 ERA and striking out 62 over 67.2 innings a season ago, while only allowing three home runs, is there an opportunity for Joe to transition to being a starter?

Pitch Types

A year ago, Biagini was pretty much a fastball/curveball type pitcher, throwing his fastball 60.2% of the time, his slider 15.3% of the time, and his curveball 17.4% of the time, while occasionally throwing in a changeup. This is quite standard for a reliever who is only there to pitch an inning, and even more common for a pitcher who has not risen above Double-A. With just three pitches, being a starter and going through the lineup more than once would be challenging without getting hit hard. His fastball velocity averaged 94.2 mph, with his curveball at 80.1 mph, and with a harder slider at 89.4 mph. His changeup started getting more developed toward the end of the season and touches 86.1 mph, but it was rarely used. Pitch values showed his fastball was 2.9 runs above average, due to its deceptiveness, the slider was 0.5 above average, the curveball was 1.4 below average, and the changeup was 0.4 below average.

2017 Joe Biagini has mixed up his pitches more and is now throwing his fastball 56.5% of the time. He started throwing a cutter this season and throws it about 9.4% of the time, and it is in the low-90s range. He also throws the slider less — only 8.2% of the time — and throws his 12-6 overhand curveball 15.7% of the time. And now he owns a solid changeup, which he throws 10.2% of the time. The array of pitches at his disposal now is quite interesting, as he has more weapons to attack hitters and keep them off-balance. Biagini improved all of his secondary pitches over the offseason and pitch values have the evidence. His fastball has decreased to only being 0.5 runs above average, which is understandable seeing as this is now his second season and hitters are more accustomed to the pitch, and also it’s early May. However, his slider has risen from being barely above average at 0.5 to quite above average at 2.2, the curveball went from being below average to 1.2 above average, and his changeup now is also above average at 0.3.

The improvement of his secondary pitches this season, and the addition of a hard cutter, have made him an elite reliever and possible starter. His velocity is still there on his fastball, his spin rate is above average, and his pitches are starting to get nastier. His new repertoire has made him efficient and aggressive, and these are strong indicators of a starting pitcher. Although the Blue Jays do have one of the best rotations in the league and it would be tough for Joe to crack it, there have been some injuries to their starters, with J.A. Happ and Aaron Sanchez both going down with injuries. With the Mat Latos experiment presumably finished (hopefully), the Jays could and should stretch Biagini out a little and see what he can do as a starter.

His groundball rate is over 58% this season, his K/9 is 8.2, and he does not walk many batters. His fastball velocity on average has increased from 94.3 mph to 94.9 mph and his slider has gone from 89.3 mph to 91.2 mph. With the increase in velocity, and the higher usage of his changeup, success is imminent.

History of Starting

Before coming over to the Blue Jays in the Rule 5 Draft, Biagini was a starter in the Giants system. He made 22 starts in 2015 for the ‘AA’ Richmond Flying Squirrels, and made 23 starts in 2014 for the ‘High A’ San Jose Giants. In those seasons he amassed 130.1 IP and 128.0 IP respectively while putting up good numbers, with a 4.o1 ERA in 2014 and a 2.42 ERA in 2015. Even as a starter, he had high ground-ball rates and lower fly-ball rates, but his strikeout numbers were lower, most likely due to the fact he did not have the same repertoire as he has today with the Blue Jays. There is a small but definite track record for Biagini as a starter, and there seems to be a necessity for the Blue Jays to use him in that role temporarily.

Joe is a big, strong guy who pounds the strike zone, has a full array of pitches at his disposal, and can locate his offspeed pitches well. Stretching him out could be the next card the Blue Jays use and it might actually be a game-changer.

Baseball has been on a steady path toward being a “three true outcome” (home runs, walks, strikeouts) league the last few years. Hitters are becoming more and more centered around drawing walks or getting hard contact, but are allowing more swing and misses to achieve that. As Dave Cameron noted in this article earlier this year, in the first week of 2017, the strikeout and walk rates were record highs for a given week. The home-run rates remained relatively similar to the crazy-high ones of 2016. This article is the first in what will be a two-part segment, one with players and one with teams. So, which players have embodied the three true outcomes the most in 2017?

Only players with at least 80 plate appearances qualified for this. I took players in the 80th percentile for BB% (above 12.4%), ISO (above .239), and home-run rate (above 6.03%). Then, I filtered for players in the 20th percentile for K% (above 25.5%) and contact% (below 73.2%). I found six compatible players:

As a top prospect, the path of Joey Gallo has been monitored closely. The 23-year-old has shown tremendous natural power in his short stints in the bigs, but has also demonstrated poor plate discipline. Jeff Sullivan recently discussed whether Gallo was approaching the acceptable threshold of his swing-and-miss tendencies, but his overall numbers and 2017 have still been underwhelming (aside from the home runs). Gallo has the lowest BB% and contact% of the group, yet has the greatest K% by a large margin. The power is clearly there, as his HR% and ISO are solid among the others, but Gallo still has a long way to go to become an above-average hitter in the Rangers lineup.

Khris Davis has epitomized the continual growth of the league toward the three true outcomes, consistently increasing his HR%, BB%, and K% through his career in the majors. Davis has begun to establish himself as one of the better-hitting outfielders in the league, growing on his home-run-filled 2016 while greatly increasing his walks.

Simply put, Aaron Judge is mashing the ball for the Yankees in 2017. After a disappointing run in his late-season call-up in 2016, Judge has shown much-improved plate discipline, dramatically increasing and decreasing his BB% and K%, respectively. The 25-year-old leads the MLB in home runs, and is head and shoulders above even this group in ISO. He is achieving this all while posting the second-lowest K% of the group and highest contact%. His early start is clearly unsustainable, but Judge looks like a future star right now.

Miguel Sano is yet another young, former highly-touted prospect in this group. After a promising rookie season in 2016, a possible breakout was expected from Sano — and he has not disappointed. He leads this group in BB% and is second in ISO. Sano still has the swing-and-miss problems, as his K% and contact% are still very poor, but he has displayed the power and walk-drawing ability to become a leader of the league’s three true outcome trend.

Matt Holliday is a bit different from the previous four guys because of his MLB experience. The 37-year-old veteran has appeared in 1797 games in his career — the other four have appeared in 851 games combined. Holiday has changed his profile a little bit this season, following the three true outcome trend and posting HR%, BB%, and K% higher than his career norms. Whether Holliday is adjusting to the changing MLB with age or this is just a one-month statistical blip remains to be seen, but he has certainly played like a three true outcome guy in 2017.

Justin Upton, like Holliday, has a lot more experience than the first four guys on this list. Upton has continued in 2017 what he’s always done as a pro: strike out and hit home runs. However, he has displayed an improvement in his ability to draw walks this season, posting what would be an easy career high 14.7% in 2017. Upton is not quite the extreme power hitter in comparison to the others — he has the lowest HR% and ISO of the group — but he also has the highest contact%. He is not a league-leader-in-home-runs type of player, but Upton makes just enough contact and draws enough walks to mitigate his strikeout tendencies.

It is clear that the three true outcome trend has been dominated by the younger guys, but it is also evident that veterans are adjusting to league changes. Guys like Sano, Gallo, and Judge have made their way to the MLB by embracing the three true outcomes, while players like Holliday are possibly changing with the times. In the coming years, you will likely see the number of names in that table increase even more.

This year during the offseason, I would occasionally search “Gerrit Cole” on Twitter, mainly to ensure he was having an injury-free winter. The recurring theme of what I saw was the argument of whether or not Cole is an ace. I’m here to tell you that he is — there’s just no question about it. I get it: he can be injury-prone, as outside of his 2015 season Cole hasn’t pitched more than 138 major-league innings in a season. But about that 2015 season; how many pitchers in the last 50 years have gone at least 200 inning with 200 strikeouts in their age-24 season? Just 27. Some others on that list include the likes of Felix Hernandez, Clayton Kershaw, Pedro Martinez, Roger Clemens, and Tom Seaver. Of that list of 27, Cole’s ERA of 2.60 was matched by only 6. Okay, yes, it also included Carlos Zambrano, Kevin Millwood, and Brett Myers, but the impressive names on there significantly outweigh the not-so-much impressive names. Not convinced yet? I’ll go on.

I think everyone can agree that Gerrit Cole’s 2016 did not quite meet expectations, as he pitched 116 innings with 7.60 K’s per 9 and an ERA of 3.88. This is where those injury concerns get brought up, as he fought right-side inflammation right out of the gates, and then elbow tightness twice throughout the season, eventually ending it early. Watching Cole last year, it looked like he never got into a groove. He wasn’t able to fully prepare due to the spring-training injury, and it showed in his career-high 2.79 BB per 9, after sporting a 1.90 in 2015. As for the elbow injuries, there was never any structural damage; it was just sore. I believe the side injury was the reason for this, because for pitchers, the core is very important. Cole put more pressure on his arm because he was having trouble with his core, which in turn probably threw off his delivery a bit, which would explain the control issues. The velocity was always there, as he maintained 95.2 mph on the heater, but the control was not. The message of this 2016 injury section is that these injuries weren’t a chronic issue. It was a side injury that led to an arm injury that made up one frustrating season.

Now on to 2017! Cole’s fresh start, as he entered spring training healthy and on time. The Pirates understandably took it easy on him, bringing him along a bit slower than his peers, and he made it through spring healthy and ready for opening day in Boston. I was excited to see how he would perform, getting a tough test for his first game back, and I was relatively pleased with what I saw. He was hitting upper 90s with his fastball and cruised through the first four innings, holding the Boston lineup scoreless. Things went south from there, as Cole got hit hard with two outs in the 5th, and he gave up five runs, leaving him with a 9.00 ERA after start #1. Stay with me here because it’s the next five starts that I really want to share with you.

In those, Cole has pitched 31 innings, striking out 32 (9.3 K/9), and walking six (1.7 BB/9), with a 2.61 ERA. Do those numbers sound familiar? In case you weren’t paying attention earlier, I’ll tell you those are right in line with those 2015 numbers. Yes, he got hit hard opening day, but after that he’s allowing just 26.1% hard hits, compared to 29.5% in 2015. I know the small sample size and all, but one could argue for Cole to actually improve on his overall numbers this year, as he is becoming a more complete pitcher entering his age-26 season. He’s been focusing on his change, throwing it 12.5% of the time, compared to his previous career-high of 5.0%, and hitters are only hitting .111 off the pitch, with no extra-base hits. We’ve all known about Cole’s elite fastball, and with a serviceable change, he can now keep hitters off that heater.

The one stat that isn’t on par with those ace-like 2015 numbers is his homer rate. So far in 2017, he has a 1.50 HR/9, which is more than triple his 2015 rate, and more than double his career rate. Cole’s fly-ball rate has increased 10 points to 39%, which could be an explanation, but his HR/FB% is 15.4, once again almost double his career numbers. These numbers should stabilize closer to career norms as the season continues, especially if Cole continues to pitch the way he is with his great control. The health is the big issue people will continue to argue, but in the modern era where fewer pitchers are hitting those 200IP and 200K marks, the 26-year-old Cole is just entering his prime, and has already produced an ace-like season before. The way he looks this year, I’m telling you he *IS* an ace that still hasn’t reached his ceiling.

All stats are from FanGraphs.com

Probably not.

The Mets are not healthy. Their five best starters would combine to make one of the better starting rotations in recent history. Unfortunately, it is seeming increasingly unlikely that all five will pitch at the same time again. Steven Matz finished 2016 with a surgery to remove a bone spur in his elbow. He hasn’t pitched yet this season. Matt Harvey had season-ending surgery to alleviate thoracic outlet syndrome after a disappointing start to the season. Jacob deGrom missed the last part of 2016 for ulnar nerve surgery. Depth option Seth Lugo is out with a partial UCL tear.

Noah Syndergaard is the only one of the five to not have had Tommy John surgery. Despite pitching through a bone spur last season, he has been remarkably healthy. However, he left his opening day start this season with a blister. And now this:

Update on Noah Syndergaard. #Mets pic.twitter.com/n8JVxIBBid

— New York Mets (@Mets) May 1, 2017

As others have noted, lat strains can be fairly serious — Matz missed two months with the same injury in 2015. Syndergaard is probably out until at least the All-Star break, a big blow to the Mets. The big story here of course is that the Mets started Syndergaard even after he refused a suggested MRI. However, I believe a further, more serious injury awaits Syndergaard.

Syndergaard didn’t always throw a slider:

Indeed, he started throwing it toward the end of 2015 (his rookie season), and relied heavily on it in 2016.

There’s been a lot of work on this topic. FanGraphs’ Eno Sarris termed the pitch the Mets are throwing the “Dan Warthen Slider” in 2015. Sarris notes in his piece:

Critics might point to arm injuries on the Mets as proof that the pitch is hard on the arm, but Warthen laughs that off. “It’s easy on the arm when done correctly, it’s not one of those pitches that you try to make break,” he said. And these pitchers all throw hard, and there is a relationship between just throwing hard and arm injury. It’s impossible to split those effects apart.

Obviously there’s more contributing factors to injury than throwing this one specific slider. The Mets’ five aces throw very hard. Perhaps more importantly, they all throw breaking pitches (the Warthen slider) very hard.

This is a graph of pitchers who threw at least 250 sliders between 2015 and 2017. Perceived velocity is on the y-axis, and is correlated with release extension on the x-axis (the farther a pitcher’s arm gets from the mound, the faster the ball will appear to a hitter).

The only pitcher with a slider that has averaged above 90 MPH in effective speed that hasn’t had Tommy John surgery yet is…Noah Syndergaard. Jon Gray and Jake Arrieta are both also near the threshold.

Arrieta throws a mix of a cutter and slider. When he was traded to the Cubs from the Orioles in July 2013, his month-to-month slider usage began increasing almost immediately. In 2014, his first full season with the Cubs, he threw the pitch 29% of the time. In 2015, he threw it 29.5% of the time. However, his usage has decreased since then, and now sits at 16.1% so far this year (potentially due to his lost command of it). He threw his slider more than 20% of the time for about two years, and then decreased his usage again. It’s not too surprising that his arm has held up, especially considering his conditioning.

deGrom got Tommy John surgery at 22, Harvey 24, Wheeler 25, and Matz 19. Syndergaard is 24 now. Out of the two who had Tommy John in the majors, Harvey pitched for 1.5 years at the major-league level before needing surgery, and Wheeler had about the same amount of time as well. Syndergaard has been pitching for about half a year longer than either of them, but it’s concerning how much the timelines line up. Syndergaard is just a little past the mean age of Tommy John surgery in the last 10 years (23.28).

Jon Gray is an interesting case due to his frequent comparisons to Syndergaard. His arm seems healthy now, but he’s also only pitched for a year and a half so far. I wouldn’t be surprised if he ends up in the same position as Syndergaard soon, though, especially since it appears that he’s started throwing the slider even harder in limited starts this season.

Maybe Syndergaard’s injury is a blessing in disguise. There’s only one other pitcher I could find in the past seven years that’s undergone Tommy John surgery after a lat strain or tear. However, many have gotten lat strains after Tommy John (including Syndergaard’s teammate Matz). It’s certainly good that he’s not trying to pitch through it. If he does rush back or not take the injury seriously, though, it could put even more strain on his likely endangered elbow. Due to Syndergaard’s attitude about this situation so far, his desire to throw as hard as possible, and the Mets’ reliance on and mismanagement of him, I doubt he makes it through 2018 with his elbow intact.